digital art evolution meaning in hindi and english translation

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Is an Indo-Aryan language spok chiefly in the Hindi Belt region compassing parts of northern, ctral, eastern, and western India. Hindi has be described as a standardised and Sanskritised register

Hindi is the lingua franca of the Hindi Belt. It is also spok, to a lesser extt, in other parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar Hindustani or Haflong Hindi).

Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descd from other dialects, such as Awadhi and Bhojpuri. Such languages include Fiji Hindi, which has an official status in Fiji,

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Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with standard Urdu, another recognised register of Hindustani as both share a common colloquial base.

According to reports of Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition) Hindi is the third most-spok language in the world including first and second language speakers.

The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It was borrowed from Classical Persian هندی Hindī (Iranian Persian pronunciation: Hdi), meaning "of or belonging to Hind (India)" (hce, "Indian").

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Another name Hindavī (हिन्दवी ) or Hinduī (हिन्दुई ) (from Persian: هندوی "of or belonging to the Hindu/Indian people") was oft used in the past, for example by Amir Khusrow in his poetry.

The terms "Hindi" and "Hindu" trace back to Old Persian which derived these names from the Sanskrit name Sindhu (सिन्धु ), referring to the river Indus. The Greek cognates of the same terms are "Indus" (for the river) and "India" (for the land of the river).

Like other Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi is a direct descdant of an early form of Vedic Sanskrit, through Shaurasi Prakrit and Śaurasi Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged in the 7th ctury CE.

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And which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became riched with loanwords from Persian, evolving into the prest form of Hindustani.

Before the standardisation of Hindi on the Delhi dialect, various dialects and languages of the Hindi belt attained promince through literary standardisation, such as Avadhi and Braj Bhasha. Early Hindi literature came about in the 12th and 13th cturies CE. This body of work included the early epics such as rditions of the Dhola Maru in the Marwari of Marwar,

The vernacular of Delhi and the surrounding region, which came to replace earlier prestige dialects such as Awadhi and Braj. Urdu – considered another form of Hindustani – acquired linguistic prestige in the latter part of the Mughal period (1800s), and underwt significant Persian influce. Modern Hindi and its literary tradition evolved towards the d of the 18th ctury.

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John Gilchrist was principally known for his study of the Hindustani language, which was adopted as the lingua franca of northern India (including what is now prest-day Pakistan) by British colonists and indigous people. He compiled and authored An glish-Hindustani Dictionary, A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language, The Orital Linguist, and many more. His lexicon of Hindustani was published in the Perso-Arabic script, Nāgarī script, and in Roman transliteration. He is also known for his role in the foundation of University College London and for dowing the Gilchrist Educational Trust. In the late 19th ctury, a movemt to further develop Hindi as a standardised form of Hindustani separate from Urdu took form.

In 1881, Bihar accepted Hindi as its sole official language, replacing Urdu, and thus became the first state of India to adopt Hindi.

On 14 September 1949, the Constitut Assembly of India adopted Hindi writt in the Devanagari script as the official language of the Republic of India replacing Urdu's previous usage in British India.

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To this d, several stalwarts rallied and lobbied pan-India in favour of Hindi, most notably Beohar Rajdra Simha along with Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Kaka Kalelkar, Maithili Sharan Gupt and Seth Govind Das who ev debated in Parliamt on this issue. As such, on the 50th birthday of Beohar Rajdra Simha on 14 September 1949, the efforts came to fruition following the adoption of Hindi as the official language.

Part XVII of the Indian Constitution deals with the official language of the Indian Commonwealth. Under Article 343, the official languages of the Union have be prescribed, which includes Hindi in Devanagari script and glish:

(1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.[21] (2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifte years from the commcemt of this Constitution, the glish language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commcemt: Provided that the Presidt may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the glish language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union.[61]

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It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elemts of the composite culture of India and to secure its richmt by assimilating without interfering with its gius, the forms, style and expressions used in Hindustani and in the other languages of India specified in the Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.

It was visioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the Union Governmt by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351),

With state governmts being free to function in the language of their own choice. However, widespread resistance to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, especially in South India (such as those in Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act of 1963, which provided for the continued use of glish indefinitely for all official purposes, although the constitutional directive for the Union Governmt to courage the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influced its policies.

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Article 344 (2b) stipulates that the official language commission shall be constituted every t years to recommd steps for progressive use of Hindi language and imposing restrictions on the use of the glish language by the union governmt. In practice, the official language commissions are constantly deavouring to promote Hindi but not imposing restrictions on glish in official use by the union governmt.

At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

It acts as an additional official language of West Bgal in blocks and sub-divisions with more than 10% of the population speaking Hindi.

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Each may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh, for instance, depding on the political formation in power, this language is gerally Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of official language in the following Union Territories: Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

Although there is no specification of a national language in the constitution, it is a widely held belief that Hindi is the national language of India. This is oft a source of friction and conttious debate.

In 2010, the Gujarat High Court clarified that Hindi is not the national language of India because the constitution does not mtion it as such.

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In 2021, in a Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act case involving Gangam Sudhir Kumar Reddy, the Bombay High Court claimed Hindi is the national language while refusing Reddy bail, after he argued against his statutory rights being read in Hindi, despite being a native Telugu speaker. Reddy has filed a Special Leave Petition before the Supreme Court, challging the Bombay High Court's observation, and contded that it failed to appreciate that Hindi is not the national language in India.

In 2021, Indian food delivery company Zomato landed in controversy wh a customer care executive told an app user from Tamil Nadu, "For your kind information Hindi is our national language." Zomato responded by firing the employee, after which she was reprimanded and shortly reinstated.

In 2018, The Supreme Court has stayed a judgmt of Madhya Pradesh High Court that held that the Hindi version of actmt will prevail if there is a variation in its Hindi version and glish version. The promince thus attached to glish over Hindi in the judgemt underlines the social significance of glish over Hindi.